I18N::LangTags I18N::LangTags module provides functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags.
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I18N::LangTags Tags

language Tags RFC3066 funtions RFC3066 tags language tags RFC3066

I18N::LangTags Description

I18N::LangTags module provides functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags. I18N::LangTags module provides functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags.SYNOPSIS use I18N::LangTags();...or specify whichever of those functions you want to import, like so: use I18N::LangTags qw(implicate_supers similarity_language_tag);All the exportable functions are listed below -- you're free to import only some, or none at all. By default, none are imported. If you say: use I18N::LangTags qw(:ALL)...then all are exported. (This saves you from having to use something less obvious like use I18N::LangTags qw(/./).)If you don't import any of these functions, assume a &I18N::LangTags:: in front of all the function names in the following examples.Language tags are a formalism, described in RFC 3066 (obsoleting 1766), for declaring what language form (language and possibly dialect) a given chunk of information is in.This library provides functions for common tasks involving language tags as they are needed in a variety of protocols and applications.Please see the "See Also" references for a thorough explanation of how to correctly use language tags.the function is_language_tag($lang1) Returns true iff $lang1 is a formally valid language tag. is_language_tag("fr") is TRUE is_language_tag("x-jicarilla") is FALSE (Subtags can be 8 chars long at most -- 'jicarilla' is 9) is_language_tag("sgn-US") is TRUE (That's American Sign Language) is_language_tag("i-Klikitat") is TRUE (True without regard to the fact noone has actually registered Klikitat -- it's a formally valid tag) is_language_tag("fr-patois") is TRUE (Formally valid -- altho descriptively weak!) is_language_tag("Spanish") is FALSE is_language_tag("french-patois") is FALSE (No good -- first subtag has to match /^(|{2,3})$/ -- see RFC3066) is_language_tag("x-borg-prot2532") is TRUE (Yes, subtags can contain digits, as of RFC3066)the function extract_language_tags($whatever)Returns a list of whatever looks like formally valid language tags in $whatever. Not very smart, so don't get too creative with what you want to feed it. extract_language_tags("fr, fr-ca, i-mingo") returns: ('fr', 'fr-ca', 'i-mingo') extract_language_tags("It's like this: I'm in fr -- French!") returns: ('It', 'in', 'fr') (So don't just feed it any old thing.)The output is untainted. If you don't know what tainting is, don't worry about it.the function same_language_tag($lang1, $lang2) Returns true iff $lang1 and $lang2 are acceptable variant tags representing the same language-form. same_language_tag('x-kadara', 'i-kadara') is TRUE (The x/i- alternation doesn't matter) same_language_tag('X-KADARA', 'i-kadara') is TRUE (...and neither does case) same_language_tag('en', 'en-US') is FALSE (all-English is not the SAME as US English) same_language_tag('x-kadara', 'x-kadar') is FALSE (these are totally unrelated tags) same_language_tag('no-bok', 'nb') is TRUE (no-bok is a legacy tag for nb (Norwegian Bokmal))same_language_tag works by just seeing whether encode_language_tag($lang1) is the same as encode_language_tag($lang2).(Yes, I know this function is named a bit oddly. Call it historic reasons.)the function similarity_language_tag($lang1, $lang2) Returns an integer representing the degree of similarity between tags $lang1 and $lang2 (the order of which does not matter), where similarity is the number of common elements on the left, without regard to case and to x/i- alternation. similarity_language_tag('fr', 'fr-ca') is 1 (one element in common) similarity_language_tag('fr-ca', 'fr-FR') is 1 (one element in common) similarity_language_tag('fr-CA-joual', 'fr-CA-PEI') is 2 similarity_language_tag('fr-CA-joual', 'fr-CA') is 2 (two elements in common) similarity_language_tag('x-kadara', 'i-kadara') is 1 (x/i- doesn't matter) similarity_language_tag('en', 'x-kadar') is 0 similarity_language_tag('x-kadara', 'x-kadar') is 0 (unrelated tags -- no similarity) similarity_language_tag('i-cree-syllabic', 'i-cherokee-syllabic') is 0 (no B elements in common!)the function is_dialect_of($lang1, $lang2)Returns true iff language tag $lang1 represents a subform of language tag $lang2.Get the order right! It doesn't work the other way around! is_dialect_of('en-US', 'en') is TRUE (American English IS a dialect of all-English) is_dialect_of('fr-CA-joual', 'fr-CA') is TRUE is_dialect_of('fr-CA-joual', 'fr') is TRUE (Joual is a dialect of (a dialect of) French) is_dialect_of('en', 'en-US') is FALSE (all-English is a NOT dialect of American English) is_dialect_of('fr', 'en-CA') is FALSE is_dialect_of('en', 'en' ) is TRUE is_dialect_of('en-US', 'en-US') is TRUE (B these are degenerate cases) is_dialect_of('i-mingo-tom', 'x-Mingo') is TRUE (the x/i thing doesn't matter, nor does case) is_dialect_of('nn', 'no') is TRUE (because 'nn' (New Norse) is aliased to 'no-nyn', as a special legacy case, and 'no-nyn' is a subform of 'no' (Norwegian))the function super_languages($lang1)Returns a list of language tags that are superordinate tags to $lang1 -- it gets this by removing subtags from the end of $lang1 until nothing (or just "i" or "x") is left. super_languages("fr-CA-joual") is ("fr-CA", "fr") super_languages("en-AU") is ("en") super_languages("en") is empty-list, () super_languages("i-cherokee") is empty-list, () ...not ("i"), which would be illegal as well as pointless.If $lang1 is not a valid language tag, returns empty-list in a list context, undef in a scalar context.A notable and rather unavoidable problem with this method: "x-mingo-tom" has an "x" because the whole tag isn't an IANA-registered tag -- but super_languages('x-mingo-tom') is ('x-mingo') -- which isn't really right, since 'i-mingo' is registered. But this module has no way of knowing that. (But note that same_language_tag('x-mingo', 'i-mingo') is TRUE.)More importantly, you assume at your peril that superordinates of $lang1 are mutually intelligible with $lang1. Consider this carefully.the function locale2language_tag($locale_identifier) This takes a locale name (like "en", "en_US", or "en_US.ISO8859-1") and maps it to a language tag. If it's not mappable (as with, notably, "C" and "POSIX"), this returns empty-list in a list context, or undef in a scalar context. locale2language_tag("en") is "en" locale2language_tag("en_US") is "en-US" locale2language_tag("en_US.ISO8859-1") is "en-US" locale2language_tag("C") is undef or () locale2language_tag("POSIX") is undef or () locale2language_tag("POSIX") is undef or ()I'm not totally sure that locale names map satisfactorily to language tags. Think REAL hard about how you use this. YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED.The output is untainted. If you don't know what tainting is, don't worry about it.the function encode_language_tag($lang1)This function, if given a language tag, returns an encoding of it such that:* tags representing different languages never get the same encoding.* tags representing the same language always get the same encoding.* an encoding of a formally valid language tag always is a string value that is defined, has length, and is true if considered as a boolean.Note that the encoding itself is not a formally valid language tag. Note also that you cannot, currently, go from an encoding back to a language tag that it's an encoding of.Note also that you must consider the encoded value as atomic; i.e., you should not consider it as anything but an opaque, unanalysable string value. (The internals of the encoding method may change in future versions, as the language tagging standard changes over time.)encode_language_tag returns undef if given anything other than a formally valid language tag.The reason encode_language_tag exists is because different language tags may represent the same language; this is normally treatable with same_language_tag, but consider this situation:You have a data file that expresses greetings in different languages. Its format is "=", like: en-US=Hiho fr=Bonjour i-mingo=Hau'And suppose you write a program that reads that file and then runs as a daemon, answering client requests that specify a language tag and then expect the string that says how to greet in that language. So an interaction looks like: greeting-client asks: fr greeting-server answers: BonjourSo far so good. But suppose the way you're implementing this is: my %greetings; die unless open(IN, " Requirements: · Perl

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